North And South: A Quick History
Updated: 2:23pm UK, Thursday 25 July 2013
By Mark Stone, Asia Corespondent, in Pyongyang
On the Korean Peninsula there are two versions of history. The version people learn depends on whether they are North Korean or South Korean.
Either way though, understanding both versions is key to understanding this most unusual of countries: its quirks, its people, its politics and its government's ability to survive against the odds.
There is no logical reason why the land that makes up the Korean Peninsula should be split into two countries.
The people either side of the border speak the same language and have the same ancestors.
But since 1945, it has been two countries: the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea).
From 1910 until the end of World War Two, the Korean Peninsula was Japanese territory.
With Japan's defeat, America and the Soviet Union took control of the peninsula.
They decided to split it in two: America didn't want the communist administration in Moscow to control the whole thing. Moscow felt the same about total American control.
And an agreement was reached between Washington and Moscow and an arbitrary line was simply drawn across the middle.
The North became The Democratic People's Republic of Korea. It adopted the communist ideology of its Soviet masters.
A young war hero called Kim Il-Sung became its prime minister.
The South adopted American-style democracy and became the Republic of Korea.
Just five years later though in 1950, Kim Il-Sung and his new army, backed by communist China and Russia, invaded the South.
Within months North Korean forces controlled almost the entire peninsula.
An American-led United Nations force fought back and the Korean War had begun.
Three years of fighting left well over a million people dead. Among them were soldiers from both Koreas, America, China, Russia and Britain.
But no side could claim victory. The border remained where it had been at the start - across the 38th Parallel - and to this day it is a heavily guarded and mined demilitarised zone.
In the decades that followed, the Soviet Union and China continued to prop up the North.
Inside the closed country, Kim Il-Sung's government controlled information and adopted their own version of history which states that the US-backed South Koreans invaded the North.
In 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed. North Korea had lost its main communist ally and trading partner.
The 1990s were dominated by a catastrophic famine in which millions died. A once strong country began to crumble.
And yet the country remained cut off, shunning most Western offers of help.
Kim Il-Sung, at his death in 1994, was declared Eternal President.
His son Kim Jong-Il ensured continuity and - on his death in 2011 - the leadership was assumed by his son, Kim Jong-Un.
And so through extreme control and isolation spanning 65 years, the Kim dynasty has cemented its cult of personality through which the state is still run.
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