Key Allegations Against Karadzic
Updated: 1:47pm UK, Tuesday 16 October 2012
Bosnian Serb wartime leader Radovan Karadzic faces 10 charges including genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity during the war in the former Yugoslavia between 1992 and 1995.
They relate to a number of key incidents in the conflict that erupted in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
:: The Srebrenica Massacre
"He participated in a JCE (joint criminal enterprise) to eliminate the Bosnian Muslims in Srebrenica by killing the men and boys of Srebrenica and forcibly removing the women, young children and some elderly men from Srebrenica."
More than 8,000 Bosnian Muslim men and boys were killed after Bosnian Serb forces entered the eastern town.
Tens of thousands of people were sheltering in the town, which had been declared a safe haven by the United Nations two years earlier, after fleeing surrounding villages, which had been shelled by the Bosnian Serbs.
Despite 600 Dutch troops being stationed in Srebrenica to protect the Bosnian Muslims and Nato air strikes being requested to stop the Bosnian Serb advance, the forces of General Ratko Mladic were able to easily enter the town.
In the following hours, the men and boys were separated from the women for "interrogation".
About 23,000 women and children were deported to Muslim-held territories as Bosnian Serb as many of the unarmed men and boys were killed over the next five days.
The peacekeepers handed over about 5,000 Muslims who had been sheltering at a Dutch base in exchange for 14 soldiers who were held by the Bosnian Serbs.
The massacre has been described as the worst atrocity in Europe since the Second World War.
:: The Siege Of Sarajevo
"Between April 1992 and November 1995, Karadzic, in concert with other members of a JCE, established and implemented a military strategy that used sniping and shelling to kill, maim, wound and terrorise the civilian inhabitants of Sarajevo.
"The sniping and shelling killed and wounded thousands of civilians of both sexes and all ages, including children and the elderly."
More than 10,000 people were killed during the more than three-and-a-half years of the siege of Sarajevo.
Bosnian Serb forces heavily armed with artillery were based on the heights encircling the city and residents faced the daily threat of shelling, random gun fights or snipers.
Women and children, firefighters, UN peacekeepers and soldiers were all among the victims of the snipers hiding in high rise buildings in the centre of Sarajevo.
Burials, markets and football matches were all subject to deadly attacks from the Serb gunners.
For four years, the United Nations kept the city supplied with food and medicines through an airlift, but planes were frequently fired on. Others basics reached residents through a secret tunnel dug under the airport.
Not until the Bosnian Serb positions were battered by Nato airstrikes in August 1995 was the siege effectively ended.
:: Ethnic Cleansing
"He participated in a joint criminal enterprise (JCE) to permanently remove Bosnian Muslims and Bosnian Croats from the territories of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) claimed as Bosnian Serb territory."
Large numbers of Bosnian Mulsims and Bosnian Croats were forced to leave their homes during the conflict. More than two million people are thought to have been displaced, up to 90% of non-Serbs in some areas, it is estimated.
Refugees described how non-Serbs were disarmed as Bosnian Serb political, security, and military forces took control of towns in the east and north.
Many non-Serbs faced interrogation, torture, and imprisonment or expulsion, witnesses said.
Most ended up in overcrowded areas of the west of the counry still controlled by the Bosnian government.
:: Peacekeepers Held Hostage
"Between approximately 26 May 1995 and 19 June 1995, Bosnian Serb forces detained over 200 UN peacekeepers and military observers in various locations, including Pale, Sarajevo, Banja Luka and Goražde, and held them at various locations in Republika Srpska."
More than 200 UN peacekeepers were held by Bosnian Serb forces as Nato launched airstrikes on their positions in the last months of the war.
They reportedly warned UN commanders and Nato officials that attacks on their facilities would result in the injury, death or continued detention of the detainees. Some of the detainees were allegedly assaulted or otherwise maltreated during their captivity.
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